DEFINITION
Serum sodium is a measurement of the level of sodium in the blood serum.
External links
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ANALYTICAL METHOD
ANALYTICAL TRICKS AND TIPS
THE BIOLOGICAL CONTEXT
Extracellular sodium drives:
- sodium/proton exchange
- Glucose uptake
- Aminoacids uptake
DIAGNOSTIC USE
Issues
Specificity, sensitivity etc.
Diagnostic Algorithms
PROs and CONTROs
Open Questions
Hyponatremia
Hyponatraemia is defined as a serum sodium concentration less than 130/133 mmol/L according to different studies.
SIADH and hyponatraemia: foreword. 2009
Hyponatraemia is common, affecting about one in five of all hospitalized patients
Cost of illness of hyponatremia in the United States, 2006
Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder encountered in clinical medicine .
Hyponatremia and aging
Sodium dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT): a potential target for drug delivery. 2015
Sodium dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT; product of the SLC5A6 gene) is an important transmembrane protein responsible for translocation of vitamins and other essential cofactors such as biotin, pantothenic acid and lipoic acid.
Hyponatremia symptoms
Causes of Hyponatremia:
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion: Revisiting a classical endocrine disorder, 2011
Hyponatremia associated with hyperglycemia
Current and future treatment options in SIADH. 2009
In the absence of end-stage renal failure, hyponatraemia usually represents a state of vasopressin-induced water retention.
In particular, the posterior pituitary hormone vasopressin leads to renal water retention and hyponatremia.
Sartans
olmesartan
» More Relationships
The circadian oscillation of hundreds of biological processes enables a human body to adapt to 24-hour light/dark cycles. a) The serum levels of cortisol and aldosterone, and urine volume, oscillate in circadian cycles in humans . The cortisol level peaks in healthy individuals at early morning and reach their lowest levels before bedtime. Disruption of cortisol circadian rhythm can result in fatigue and restlessness, weight loss, insomnia and coronary heart disease. Aldosterone is a steroid hormone that is secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland and regulates the body's electrolyte balance. The level of aldosterone is normally low during the day and high during sleep in humans. Disruption of aldosterone rhythms result in sodium and water retention, increased blood pressure and coronary heart disease. Urine volumes have inverted circadian oscillating patterns, compared to that of aldosterone, in healthy humans. b) The circadian oscillation of lymphocyte, monocyte, platelet and eosinophil levels in healthy young adults. The activity of the immune system, usually represented by the number of lymphocytes, peaks in the late evening and is lowest in the early morning. Disruption in this circadian rhythm could lead to immune suppression
The circadian clock: pacemaker and tumour suppressor, 2003
Causes of Hypernatremia:
Cortisol administration
Licorice abuse?
Working Hypothesis
Dietary Sodium Intake and Incidence of Diabetes Complications in Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes – Analysis of the Japan Diabetes Complications Study (JDCS). 2014
- Abstract
Context:
Many guidelines recommend that patients with type 2 diabetes should reduce their dietary sodium intake. However, the relationship between dietary sodium intake and incidence of diabetic complications in patients with type 2 diabetes has not been explored.
Objective:
To investigate the relationship between dietary sodium intake and incidence of diabetes complications.
Design, Setting, and Participants:
A nationwide cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes aged 40–70y with HbA1c ≥6.5%.
Main Outcome Measures:
After excluding non-responders to a dietary survey, 1588 patients were analyzed. Baseline dietary intake was assessed by the Food Frequency Questionnaire based on food groups. Primary outcomes were times to cardiovascular disease (CVD), overt nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, and all-cause mortality.
Results:
Mean daily dietary sodium intake in quartiles ranged from 2.8 to 5.9g. After adjustment for confounders, hazard ratios (HRs) for CVD in patients in the second, third, and fourth quartiles of sodium intake compared with the first quartile were 1.70 (95% confidence interval, 0.98–2.94), 1.47 (0.82–2.62), and 2.07 (1.21–3.90), respectively (trend p<0.01). In addition, among patients who had HbA1c ≥9.0%, HR for CVD in patients in the top vs. bottom quartile of sodium intake was dramatically elevated compared with patients with HbA1c<9.0% (1.16 (0.56–2.39) and 9.91 (2.66–36.87), interaction p<0.01). Overt nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, and all-cause mortality were not significantly associated with sodium intake.
Conclusions:
Findings suggested that high dietary sodium intake is associated with elevated incidence of CVD in patients with type 2 diabetes and that there is a synergistic effect between HbA1c values and dietary sodium intake for the development of CVD.
