Skin
Tissues

Author: Gianpiero Pescarmona
Date: 27/04/2007

Description

Skin is the outer covering of the body.

Skin is composed of three primary layers:

  • the epidermis, which provides waterproofing and serves as a barrier to infection
  • the dermis, which serves as a location for the appendages of skin
  • the hypodermis (subcutaneous adipose layer).

Skin layers

Epidermis

  • STRATUM CORNEUM
  • STRATUM LUCIDUM
  • STRATUM GRANULOSUM
  • STRATUM SPINOSUM
  • STRATUM BASALE

Normal skin - low power

Normal skin - high power

Oral mucosa

Leprosy

Psoriasis

Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis

Herpes simplex

Oral leukoplakia

Dermis

Hypodermis

Epidermal Barrier

The skin is an effective barrier against:

  • environmental parasites penetration
  • environmental chemicals
  • environmental physicals agents (UV)
  • water evaporation

The molecular components of the barrier are:

  • protein intercellular junctions
  • lipids
  • melanin

Activators of the nuclear hormone receptors PPARalpha and FXR accelerate the development of the fetal epidermal permeability barrier. 1997

E-Cadherin in embrio and newborn

Desmosome includes the following proteins:

  • Desmoplachine I, II :glicoproteine associate alle placche.
  • Desmoclamina e Cheratocalmina : formano ponti tra proteine della placca e filamenti intermedi
  • Desmogleine e Desmocoline : Caderine, glicoproteine integrali di membrana che stabiliscono adesioni intercellulari nella regione delle giunzioni.

Skin lipids

Ceramide

ABCA12

Skin Pigmentation

It ismainly dependent on melanin synthesis by melanocytes

Hyperpigmentation caused by hyperthyroidism: differences from the pigmentation of Addison's disease. 1999

Skin from the inner side

Artificial Skin

Comments
2013-08-09T13:05:28 - Gianpiero Pescarmona

Virus

>SWISSPROT_VIRUSES:RDRP_BPSP (P09675) RNA-directed RNA polymerase
beta chain (RNA replicase beta chain) [Enterobacteria
phage SP]
Length = 576

Score = 31.2 bits (69), Expect = 1.2, Method: Compositional matrix adjust.
Identities = 25/94 (26%), Positives = 44/94 (46%), Gaps = 18/94 (19%)

Query: 265 WFEIQTDPRTNEGILKVVKALDYEQLQSV--------------KLSIAVKNKAEFHQSVI 310
W+++ TD R++EGIL + + YE++ S+ ++ +V E QS +
Sbjct: 295 WYDLLTDLRSDEGILPDGRVVTYEKISSMGNGYTFELESLIFAAIARSVCELLEIDQSTV 354

Query: 311 SRYR---VQSTPVTIQVINVREGIAFRP-ASKTF 340
S Y + T +++V E + F P KTF
Sbjct: 355 SVYGDDIIIDTRAAAPLMDVFEYVGFTPNRKKTF 388

>SWISSPROT_VIRUSES:L_WWAVU (B2ZDY2) RNA-directed RNA polymerase L
(Protein L) (Large structural protein) (Replicase)
(Transcriptase) [Whitewater arroyo virus]
Length = 2219

Score = 29.3 bits (64), Expect = 4.4, Method: Compositional matrix adjust.
Identities = 29/113 (25%), Positives = 45/113 (39%), Gaps = 17/113 (15%)

Query: 177 REQASSYRLVVSGADKDG-EGLSTQCECNIKVKDVNDNFPMFRDSQYSARIEENILSSEL 235
RE+ Y+ + A DG T EC I + V D F + RDS + SE
Sbjct: 209 REEGLDYKTKLMEAIRDGIRPNLTASECRIGIAKVYDQFCLLRDSGQYQNVYCRTSRSEM 268

Query: 236 LRFQVTDLDEEYTDNWLAVYFFTS---GNEGNWFEIQTDPRTNEGILKVVKAL 285
+ WL + TS G+EG F + +L+V L
Sbjct: 269 IE-------------WLKDHKLTSLINGSEGTFFNNERCGFCQNHMLRVIAEL 308

>SWISSPROT_VIRUSES:MCP_IRV16 (O39164) Major capsid protein (MCP)
(P50) [Costelytra zealandica iridescent virus]
Length = 462

Score = 28.1 bits (61), Expect = 9.7, Method: Compositional matrix adjust.
Identities = 24/75 (32%), Positives = 34/75 (45%), Gaps = 4/75 (5%)

Query: 267 EIQTDPRTNEGIL-KVVKALDYEQLQSVK-LSIAVKNKAEFHQSVISRYRVQSTPVTIQV 324
++QT PR N L + D ++K L V+NK + S Y S VT Q
Sbjct: 274 QVQTAPRQNYTPLTNAMPTFDIRFSHAIKALFFSVRNKTS--SAEWSNYATSSPVVTGQL 331

Query: 325 INVREGIAFRPASKT 339
+N AF P S T
Sbjct: 332 VNYEPPGAFDPISNT 346

FUNGI

>SWISSPROT_FUNGI:DCL1_CRYPA (Q2VF19) Dicer-like protein 1
[Cryphonectria parasitica]
Length = 1548

Score = 32.3 bits (72), Expect = 1.1, Method: Compositional matrix adjust.
Identities = 24/98 (24%), Positives = 39/98 (39%), Gaps = 10/98 (10%)

Query: 111 IFMGEIEENSASNSLVMILNA--TDADEPNHLNSKIAFKIV--------SQEPAGTPMFL 160
F+G E S + +LN T +E L +K KI + P F
Sbjct: 788 LFLGPVEQEMTSDLVCQVLNCPITPTEEDLQLLTKFTLKIFVDIFNKKYAANAQALPYFF 847

Query: 161 LSRNTGEVRTLTNSLDREQASSYRLVVSGADKDGEGLS 198
N V N D A + L AD+D E +
Sbjct: 848 APTNKDHVFLFSNLQDPRNAVDWPLLRHVADRDAEAYT 885

>SWISSPROT_FUNGI:PKSL1_ASPPA (Q12053) Aflatoxin biosynthesis
polyketide synthase (PKS) [Aspergillus parasiticus]
Length = 2109

Score = 32.0 bits (71), Expect = 1.6, Method: Compositional matrix adjust.
Identities = 17/53 (32%), Positives = 28/53 (52%), Gaps = 4/53 (7%)

Query: 353 DYILGTYQAIDEDTNKAASNVKYVMGRNDGGYLM----IDSKTAEIKFVKNMN 401
DY+L Y ++E N+AAS V + G ++G + +D T F N N
Sbjct: 1504 DYMLLDYLVLNEAENEAASGVDFSLGSSEGTFAAHPAHVDAITQVAGFAMNAN 1556

>SWISSPROT_FUNGI:HFA1_YEAS7 (A6ZMR9) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase,
mitochondrial precursor (ACC) [Saccharomyces cerevisiae]
Length = 2273

Score = 30.0 bits (66), Expect = 6.2, Method: Compositional matrix adjust.
Identities = 23/68 (33%), Positives = 33/68 (48%), Gaps = 7/68 (10%)

Query: 310 ISRYRVQSTPVTIQVINVREGIA-FRPASKTFTVQKGISSKKLVDYILGTYQAIDEDTNK 368
S Y+++S P I + EGI F P K F V+K I+S D Q E+ K
Sbjct: 1351 MSNYKIRSLPTYDSSIRIFEGISKFTPLDKRFFVRKIINSSMYND------QKTTEENLK 1404

Query: 369 AASNVKYV 376
A N + V
Sbjct: 1405 AEINAQVV 1412

>SWISSPROT_FUNGI:AUS1_YEAST (Q08409) ATP-dependent permease AUS1
[Saccharomyces cerevisiae]
Length = 1394

Score = 29.6 bits (65), Expect = 7.9, Method: Compositional matrix adjust.
Identities = 15/50 (30%), Positives = 28/50 (56%)

Query: 334 RPASKTFTVQKGISSKKLVDYILGTYQAIDEDTNKAASNVKYVMGRNDGG 383
P ++T QK I S K ++Y +GT + I + +S + +MG + G
Sbjct: 738 QPITETVETQKHIISWKNINYTVGTKKLINNASGFISSGLTALMGESGAG 787


Antibodies to Saccharomyces cerevisiae in patients with Crohn's disease and their possible pathogenic importance. 1992
Raised IgA, but not IgG, yeast antibody levels were found in two patients with Crohn's disease who were intolerant to yeast, but these values were similar to those in other patients without yeast intolerance.

2013-06-02T22:31:45 - Gianpiero Pescarmona

Glycolic Acid Treatment Increases Type I Collagen mRNA and Hyaluronic Acid Content of Human Skin, 2001

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