The thyroid hormone receptor is a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by binding thyroid hormone.
There are three forms of the thyroid hormone receptor designated alpha-1, beta-1 and beta-2 that are able to bind thyroid hormone. There are two TR-alpha receptor splice variants encoded by the THRA gene and two TR-beta isoform splice variants encoded by the THRB gene:
- TR-α1 (widely expressed and especially high expression in cardiac and skeletal muscles)
- TR-α2 (homologous with viral oncogen c-erb-A, also widely expressed but unable to bind hormone)
- TR-β1 (predominantely expressed in brain, liver and kidney)
- TR-β2 (expression primarily limited to the hypothalamus and pituitary)
The TR-beta-deficient mice showed an elevated heart rate, which, however, was unresponsive to thyroid hormone treatment regardless of hormonal serum levels
1999
The liver, ear and retina have also been identified as TRβ target tissues whilst the heart, like bone, is a TRα1 target organ (ref 2006)
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Thyroid Hormone Resistance
MULTIPLE ETIOLOGIES FOR REDUCED SENSITIVITY TO THYROID HORMONE 2006
Certain mutations in the thyroid hormone receptor are associated with thyroid hormone resistance.
Regulation of TR expression
Nuclear localization of protein kinase C-alpha induces thyroid hormone receptor-alpha1 expression in the cardiomyocyte. 2006
Action mechanism
Thyroid hormones can have either genomic or non genomic effects
Genomic
As the target genes of thyroid hormone are located on both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA their expression requires a tight coordination
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Thyroid and Estrogens
Thyroid and Estrogens2
Inhibition of aromatase activity in rat Sertoli cells by thyroid hormone. 1994
Thyroid and Estrogens Receptors
Thyroid and Estrogens receptors 2
Thyroid and Estrogens and glucocorticoids
Thyroid and GF, Insulin
The differential effects of the gonadotropin receptors on aromatase expression in primary cultures of immature rat granulosa cells are highly dependent on the density of receptors expressed and the activation of the inositol phosphate cascade. 2005
Mitochondrial proteins
