Purification of serine racemase: Biosynthesis of the neuromodulator d-serine, 1999
Restoration of visual performance by D-serine in models of inner and outer retinal dysfunction assessed using sweep VEP measurements in the conscious rat and rabbit, 2015
Metabolism of the neuromodulator D-serine, 2010
- Abstract
Over the past years, accumulating evidence has indicated that D-serine is the endogenous ligand for the glycine-modulatory binding site on the NR1 subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in various brain areas. D-Serine is synthesized in glial cells and neurons by the pyridoxal-5′ phosphate-dependent enzyme serine racemase, and it is released upon activation of glutamate receptors. The cellular concentration of this novel messenger is regulated by both serine racemase isomerization and elimination reactions, as well as by its selective degradation catalyzed by the flavin adenine dinucleotide-containing flavoenzyme D-amino acid oxidase. Here, we present an overview of the current knowledge of the metabolism of D-serine in human brain at the molecular and cellular levels, with a specific emphasis on the brain localization and regulatory pathways of D-serine, serine racemase, and D-amino acid oxidase. Furthermore, we discuss how D-serine is involved with specific pathological conditions related to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors over- or down-regulation.
Abbreviations
Aβ:
Amyloid β-peptide
AD:
Alzheimer’s disease
AMPA:
α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisooxazole-4-propionic acid
CNS:
Central nervous system
CP:
Choroid plexus
CSF:
Cerebrospinal fluid
DAAO:
D-Amino acid oxidase (EC 1.4.3.3)
D-DOPA:
D-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine
DPFC:
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
FAD:
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
Golga3:
Golgin subfamily A member
GRIP:
Glutamate receptor interacting protein
PDZ:
PSD95/disc large/ZO-1
PICK1:
Protein interacting with C kinase 1
PIP2:
Phosphatidylinositol(4,5)biphosphate
PLP:
Pyridoxal-5′ phosphate
NMDAR:
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor
NO:
Nitric oxide
SR:
Serine racemase (EC 5.1.1.18)
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