The Pinball
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Bifurcations (Poincarè) or Catastrophes (Thom)
more on bifurcations ......
Exploring Cardiac Electrophysiology. A biased view of the physics of Neuro- and Cardiac Electrophysiology, 2007
A continuos supply of energy is required for new and new branching (fractals)
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Evolutionary Trees
The Cytochrome C evolutionary Tree
formation of evolutionary trees for any molecule and organism is mediated by irreversible bifurcation followed by selection. The driving forces of bifurcation and selection depend on the environment and can be considered “local”.
Local Examples
The Bone Marrow
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The Stem Cells
The Steroids Hormones
The Problem: Starting from the raw material
how it is possible to get complex structures? There is a need for a blueprint?
The Solution
All that we need to get complex structures is: 1) endless energy 2) time
Role of stochasticity is in evolution
The debate over the role of stochasticity is central in evolutionary biology, often summarised by whether or not evolution is predictable or repeatable. Here we distinguish three types of stochasticity: stochasticity of mutation and variation, of individual life histories and of environmental change. We then explain when stochasticity matters in evolution, distinguishing four broad situations: stochasticity contributes to maladaptation or limits adaptation; it drives evolution on flat fitness landscapes (evolutionary freedom); it might promote jumps from one fitness peak to another (evolutionary revolutions), and it might shape the selection pressures themselves. We show that stochasticity, by directly steering evolution, has become an essential ingredient of evolutionary theory beyond the classical Wright-Fisher or neutralist–selectionist debates.
Stochasticity in evolution 2009