DESCRIPTION
Proton pump inhibitors act by irreversibly blocking the the H+/K+ ATPase of the gastric parietal cell.
CLASSIFICATION
- AA
- BB
INDICATIONS
PHARMACOKINETICS
DRUGS INTERACTIONS
L' Uso Concomitante di Medicinali a Base di Clopidogrel e di Inibitori di Pompa
Protonica (IPP) deve Essere Evitato a Meno che non Sia Assolutamente Necessario
in Quanto Clopidogrel puo' Essere Meno Efficace nei Pazienti che Assumono Tale
Associazione di Farmaci.
MOLECULAR MECHANISM
SIDE EFFECTS
2016
Omeprazole and ferritin
Omeprazole and pneumonia
Omeprazole and Clostridium
Safety of the long-term use of proton pump inhibitors. 2010
Polyarthralgia (Omeprazole, H2 blockers)
Omeprazole, H2 blockers, and polyarthralgia: case-control study. 1997
TOXICITY and Side Effects
Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2002 May;1(1):29-38.Links
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Long-term safety of proton pump inhibitors: risks of gastric neoplasia and infections.
Waldum HL, Brenna E, Sandvik AK.
Faculty of Medicine, Department of Intra-abdominal Diseases, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim University Hospital, N-7006 Trondheim, Norway. helge.waldum@medisin.ntnu.no
After Helicobacter pylori eradication was introduced and largely eliminated the need for maintenance therapy for peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) became the main indication for prolonged gastric acid inhibition. The drug effect on GERD depends on the degree of acid inhibition, thus the efficacious proton pump inhibitors are preferred. The proton pump inhibitors have few immediate side effects, the main concern being the profound hypoacidity and hypergastrinaemia they induce. In short-term, hypergastrinaemia causes rebound hyperacidity, possibly worsening GERD and reducing the efficacy of histamine H(2) blockers. In the long-term, hypergastrinaemia causes enterochromaffin-like cell hyperplasia and carcinoids. Since enterochromaffin-like cells may be important in gastric carcinogenesis, iatrogenic hypergastrinaemia may predispose to carcinoma. Gastric hypoacidity also increases gut bacterial infections, and the barrier function of acid against viral and prion infections requires further assessment.
Ulcera peptica, con i Ppi non è questione di dosi
Dopo trattamento endoscopico, nei pazienti con ulcera peptica sanguinante l'impiego degli inibitori di pompa protonica (Ppi) ad alto dosaggio, rispetto alle dosi non elevate, non riduce ulteriormente i tassi di risanguinamento, ricorso alla chirurgia o mortalità dopo trattamento endoscopico. L'osservazione, pubblicata da Chih-Hung Wang e collaboratori dell'Ospedale nazionale universitario e del Collegio nazionale universitario medico di Taiwan, a Taipei, che hanno effettuato una revisione sistematica con metanalisi dei dati di 1.157 pazienti con ulcera peptica sanguinante arruolati in 7 studi clinici randomizzati di alta qualità che hanno confrontato l'impiego di dosi elevate o non elevate di Ppi: per dosi elevate si intende un bolo di 80 mg seguito dall'infusione continua di 8 mg/ora per 72 ore. La meta-analisi ha chiarito in primo luogo che gli effetti sui tassi di risanguinamento non differiscono in base alla quantità delle dosi utilizzate, definite come elevate e non elevate (Or 1,30); non sono emerse differenze anche per quanto concerne il ricorso alla chirurgia (Or 1,49) o la mortalità (Or 0,89). Una successiva analisi ad hoc per sottogruppo ha infine mostrato che le misure degli outcome non erano influenzate dalla gravità dei segni di un'emorragia recente all'esame endoscopico iniziale, dalla via di somministrazione o dalla dose di Ppi.
Arch Intern Med, 2010; 170(9):751-8
[Article in Korean]
Kim BW, Lee BI, Kim HK, Cho YS, Chae HS, Lee HK, Kim HJ, Han SW.
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Long-term use of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) induces hypergastrinemia, which results from the suppression of gastric acid secretion. Hypergastrinemia causes enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell hyperplasia, which is a predisposing factor of carcinoid tumor of stomach. The aim of this study was to identify the effect of long-term gastric acid suppression on the gastric peptides levels, such as gastrin, chromogranin A, or ghrelin.
METHODS: Control group included patients who had no medication over six months. Both H(2)RA (H(2) receptor antagonist) and PPI groups had medication at least for six months. Fasting blood was taken from each patient to assay serum gastrin, chromogranin A, and ghrelin by RIA and ELISA techniques.
RESULTS: The patients with the above reference range of serum gastrin and chromogranin A were more commonly found in PPI group compared to control and H(2)RA group. However, serum ghrelin level was within the reference range in all the patients regardless of groups. There was no difference in the ratio of serum gastrin/chromogranin A among three groups. Both average serum levels of gastrin and chromogranin A were significantly elevated in PPI group compared to control and H(2)RA group. There was a significant correlation between the level of serum gastrin and chromogranin A.
CONCLUSIONS: Long-term administration of H(2)RA does not affect the serum gastrin and chromogranin A level. However, long-term administration of PPI increases serum gastrin and chromogranin A. Ghrelin may influence gastric acid secretion in other pathway than ECL cell-mediated pathway such as gastrin or chromogranin A.
Cardiovascular Disease
Utilizzo di inibitori della pompa protonica e rischio di infarto miocardico nella popolazione generale, 2015
Proton Pump Inhibitor Usage and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction in the General Population, 2015
Thyroid
Studies on the effects of omeprazole on thyroid function in the rat. 1989
The effects of omeprazole (an H+, K+ -ATPase inhibitor) on thyroid parameters in rats have been examined. SK&F Wistar rats were dosed orally with omeprazole (up to 500 mg kg-1) or vehicle. Treatment for 7 or 14 days resulted in generally decreased plasma T3 concentrations in males (with little change or slight increases in females) and increased serum TSH concentrations (22%-68% increases). No changes were detected in thyroid 125I uptake or organification. Liver 5'-deiodinase activity was decreased in male rats after 7 days treatment. Thyroxine clearance was not altered after a single dose of omeprazole. In-vitro studies showed omeprazole to be only a weak inhibitor of TSH-stimulated 125I organification in cultured porcine thyrocytes. It is concluded that omeprazole has weak effects on the pituitary-thyroid-liver axis, its main action being to inhibit the peripheral deiodination of thyroid hormones.
Pharmacokinetics, metabolism and interactions of acid pump inhibitors. Focus on omeprazole, lansoprazole and pantoprazole. 1996
A Review of the Novel Application and Potential Adverse Effects of Proton Pump Inhibitors. 2017
Long-term use of PPIs may lead to potential adverse effects, such as osteoporotic fracture, renal damage, infection (pneumonia and clostridium difficile infection), rhabdomyolysis, nutritional deficiencies (vitamin B12, magnesium and iron), anemia and thrombocytopenia.
Lymphocytes
Effect of omeprazole, lansoprazole, and ranitidine on the DNA synthesis of mononuclear cells, 1999
Since radioactivity is measured only in those cells undergoing DNA synthesis or cell division, results are expressed as quantification of3 H-thymidine uptake. Median disintegrations per min (DPM)/number of PBMCs per well +/- SEM are reported: control 68.3 +/- 37.8; ranitidine 38.4 +/- 94.2; lansoprazole 14.6 +/- 84.4; and omeprazole 15.1 +/- 48.9. There was a significant difference between lansoprazole vs. ranitidine (p < .01), and omeprazole vs. ranitidine (p < .05), and no significant difference between lansoprazole and omeprazole.