DEFINITION
Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic recurrent inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). The disease results in injury to the myelin sheaths, the oligodendrocytes and, to a lesser extent, the axons and nerve cells themselves.
Lancet 2002
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Age of onset: 20-40 years
Sex:Women are affected more often than men (2:1)
SYMPTOMS
Multiple Sclerosis symptoms can be arranged in visual, motor, sensory, coordination and balance, cognitive, bowel, bladder and sexual.
Random localization of symptoms and the relapsing/remitting behavior points to a vascular pathogenesis.
DIAGNOSIS
The diagnosis of MS requires confirmation that the symptoms and signs of CNS white matter involvement are disseminated in time and space, supportive evidence from magnetic resonance imaging and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis , if needed, and the exclusion of other diagnosis (Tab.1 )
PATHOGENESIS
The cause of MS is unknown, although immune mediated mechanism are almost certainly involved. MS is characterized pathologically by patches of demyelination, that are found multifocally within the CNS white matter. Gray matter is relatively spared, as are the nerve axons although recent reports have highlighted the importance of axonal injury.
The importance of NAD in multiple sclerosis. 2009
POTENTIAL MECHANISMS FOR EBSTEIN BARR VIRUS (EBV) INFECTION IN MS PATHOGENESIS
(1) EBV-specific T cells or antibodies could cross-react with autoantigens expressed in the CNS and attack the myelin sheath of axons. (2) Latent EBV antigens could sustain the survival of autoreactive B cells. (3) EBV infection transactivates retroviral elements such as HERVs, which in turn mediate cell death of oligodendrocytes. (4) Autoreactive B-cell activation could initiate EBV replication and in turn augment EBV-specific T- and B-cell responses.
DISORDERS THAT CAN CAUSE DEMYELINATION
Demyelination can be the consequence of several disorders.
Role of transcription factors in mediating post-ischemic cerebral inflammation and brain damage
TREATMENTS:
Treatments
L'impiego di glatiramer acetato ritarderebbe la comparsa di sclerosi multipla (Sm) clinicamente conclamata in pazienti con sintomi neurodegenerativi isolati e lesioni cerebrali identificate con Rmn. La conferma arriva da un gruppo di ricerca italiano diretto da Giancarlo Comi, docente di Neurologia dell'UniversitàVita-Salute San Raffaele di Milano. Precise, questo il nome del trial in doppio cieco e controllato con placebo che ha evidenziato l'efficacia di glatiramer, farmaco largamente impiegato in pazienti con Sm recidivante remittente, nel ritardare lo sviluppo di Sm se somministrato fin dall'esordio della malattia. Circa 480 pazienti con sintomi isolati di Sm e lesioni T2 pari o superiori a 6mm, sono stati randomizzati a ricevere 20 mg al giorno di glatiramer acetato o placebo per oltre 36 mesi. Il rischio di sviluppare Sm si è ridotto del 45% con glatiramer rispetto al placebo (hazard ratio=0,55). In aggiunta, per il 25% dei pazienti trattati, il periodo di tempo intercorso dalla comparsa dei primi sintomi alla neurodegenerazione accertata si è allungato del 115% (336 vs 722 giorni, placebo vs glatimer). I principali effetti collaterali, più frequenti con il farmaco rispetto al placebo, sono stati: reazioni nella sede dell'iniezione (56% vs 24%) e reattivitàimmediata post-iniezione (19% vs 5%).
EBV and vitamin D status in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients with a unique cytokine signature. 2015
Multiple sclerosis, a debilitating autoimmune and inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, is associated with both infectious and non-infectious factors. CD73
Fingolimod