una causa molti sintomi
prendiamo come causa di malattia l’invecchiamento, che si accompagna ad un aumento di frequenza di moltissimi sintomi e porta infine alla morte.
Mechanisms of aging
In adults, hypothyroidism is associated with the following:
• Slowed speech and a hoarse, breaking voice. Deepening of the voice can also be noticed.
• Impaired memory
• Impaired cognitive function (brain fog)
• Urticaria (hives)
• Migraine headache
• Increased sensitivity to heat and cold
• A slow heart rate with ECG changes including low voltage signals. Diminished cardiac output and decreased contractility.
• Pericardial effusions may occur.
• Sluggish reflexes
• Dry puffy skin, especially on the face, and hair loss, especially thinning of the outer third of the eyebrows
• Depression (especially in the elderly)
• Mild weight gain
• Anemia caused by impaired hemoglobin synthesis (decreased EPO levels), impaired intestinal iron and folate absorption or B12 deficiency from pernicious anemia
• Slowed metabolism
• Constipation
• Fatigue (physical)
• anxiety/panic attacks
• Choking sensation or difficulty swallowing
• Shortness of breath with a shallow and slow respiratory pattern.
• Impaired ventilatory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia.
• Increased need for sleep
• Muscle cramps and joint pain
• Brittle fingernails
• Osteopenia or Osteoporosis
• Paleness
• Irritability
• Yellowing of the skin due to impaired conversion of beta-carotene to vitamin A
• Abnormal menstrual cycles (Specifically Menorrhagia)
• Impaired renal function with decreased GFR.
• Thin, fragile or absent cuticles
• Infertility or difficulty becoming pregnant
• Elevated serum cholesterol
• Mood instability
• Acute psychosis (myxedema madness) is a rare presentation of hypothyroidism
• Poor muscle tone (muscle hypotonia)
• Decreased libido
SINTOMI
Ipotiroidismo
Neuropatie
Attacchi simil-epilettici
Dolori articolari
Vasculiti
Infarto
Ictus
Osteoporosi
Psoriasi, tumori pelle
Carcinoma Mammella prostata
Primary events
Aging
IPOTESI DI LAVORO
La causa prima dell’invecchiamento è la diminuita sintesi di ormoni steroidei (DHEA solfato) da parte del surrene
Cause di tale fenomeno:
• fattori genetici
• fattori prenatali
• stile di vita
• dieta
Conseguenze:
• calo estrogeni
• calo sintesi dell’eme
• riduzione di tutte le proteine con eme
• emoglobina
• NO-sintetasi (NOS)
• COX-1 e-2
• Idrossilasi di ormoni vari
• Idrossilasi di Vit D3
• Aromatasi
• NADPH ossidasi (macrofagi)
Serum DHEAS and aging

DHEAS metabolism

Therapy
Ageing and metabolism: drug discovery opportunities 2005

Schematic view of iron transport regulation. Two transporters (DMT1 and ferroportin 1) are essential in duodenal enterocytes for the iron uptake from foods. Ferroportin 1 is also a receptor for hepcidin, a peptide hormone secreted by hepatocytes. The interaction blocks the function of ferroportin 1 as iron transporter. Catechol-Fe(III) complex was recently proposed as non-transferrin-bound iron in the serum, which is recovered by lipocalin 2 [45]. Catechol may come from plants as foods. This ternary complex is redox-inactive and taken up by lipocalin 2 receptor (megalin) of the renal proximal tubules to give back to the serum transferrin system. Ferroportin 1 is the iron exporter from most of the cells, but there is no route of iron disposal to outside of the body. TF, transferrin; TFR1, transferrin receptor 1.