Coronavirus: un approccio biochimico alla prevenzione e cura
Coronavirus

Disease Definition by GP

COVID-19 disrupts spermatogenesis through the oxidative stress pathway following induction of apoptosis, 2021

bcl-2 and COVID

Possiamo immaginare che

data la vicinanza del nervo olfattivo con l'ipofisi, se con il COVID si ha una perdita dell'olfatto, a volte persistente, ci possa essere una concomitante perdita di funzione dell'ipofisi

covid-19+and+pituitary+hormones

Smells, brains and hormones su Pubmed cercare

Smells, brains and hormones, 2006

Testosterone in COVID-19: An Adversary Bane or Comrade Boon. 2021 September 08

We suggest that disturbance of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis by SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated inflammatory disorders could be the possible mechanism for low testosterone in COVID-19.

Bassa sintesi di DHEA o bassa steroide solfatasi?

covid-19+vaccination+and+pituitary+hormones

Calo di sex hormones.....

Role of pesticides on GSH eccetera

Bax protein and GSH

questo articolo pubblicato su "The New York Times" (https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/health/coronavirus-unveiled.html) il 9 Ottobre del 2020 spiega come il virus utilizzi il suo RNA non solo come un codice semplice per generare le proteine.
La conformazione dell'RNA nello spazio sembrerebbe assumere una fondamentale importanza nelle produzione delle proteine virali, che cambierebbero a seconda della forma assunta dall'RNA.

"But the genome is more than a cookbook. The strand folds into a devilishly complex tangle. And that tangle is crucial for the virus’s exploitation of our cells. “You have a lot more information stored in how it’s shaped,” said Sylvi Rouskin, a structural biologist at the Whitehead Institute.

Dr. Rouskin led a team of scientists who mapped that shape. In a high-security lab at Boston University, her colleagues infected human cells with the viruses and gave them time to make thousands of new RNA strands. Tagging the genetic letters on the strands with chemicals, Dr. Rouskin and her colleagues could determine how the strand folded in on itself."

L'RNA, verrebbe letto dal ribosoma, che incontrando salite e discese, produrrebbe proteine sempre nuove dovute alle brusche accelerazioni durante le discese o quando, risultando la salita troppo ripida, tornerebbe indietro di qualche passo nella lettura del codice.

La variabilita' quindi non sarebbe dovuta solo alla diversita' nel codice genetico.

"After the virus enters a human cell, our ribosomes attach to its RNA strands and glide down them like a roller coaster car running along a track. As the ribosomes pass over the genetic letters, they build proteins with corresponding structures. Scientists suspect that the loops of RNA may throw the roller coaster car off its track and then guide it to a spot thousands of positions away.

Other loops force the ribosome to back up a bit and then move forward again. This little hiccup can cause the virus to make entirely different proteins from the same stretch of RNA."

Una strategia nuova quindi, che il virus userebbe per evolversi e mutare, producendo sempre nuove proteine.

Fulltext

cure-domiciliari-covid-nuove-linee-guida-aifa febbraio 2022?

questo lavoro del 20 agosto New-Onset Diabetes in Covid-19, 2020 dice che ti viene il diabete se hai il COVID cosi' come il diabete (con GSH basso) rende il COVID piu' grave

The age-dependent decline of the extracellular thiol-disulfide balance and its role in SARS-CoV-2 infection, 2021
Abstract
SARS–CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection can cause a severe respiratory distress syndrome. The risk of severe manifestations and mortality characteristically increase in the elderly and in the presence of non-COVID-19 comorbidity. We and others previously demonstrated that the low molecular weight (LMW) and protein thiol/disulfide ratio declines in human plasma with age and such decline is even more rapid in the case of inflammatory and premature aging diseases, which are also associated with the most severe complications of COVID-19 infection. The same decline with age of the LMW thiol/disulfide ratio observed in plasma appears to occur in the extracellular fluids of the respiratory tract and in association with many pulmonary diseases that characteristically reduce the concentrations and adaptive stress response of the lung glutathione. Early evidence in literature suggests that the thiol to disulfide balance of critical Cys residues of the COVID-19 spike protein and the ACE-2 receptor may influence the risk of infection and the severity of the disease, with a more oxidizing environment producing the worst prognosis.

• With this hypothesis paper we propose that the age-dependent decline of LMW thiol/disulfide ratio of the extracellular fluids, could play a role in promoting the physical (protein-protein) interaction of CoV-2 and the host cell in the airways. Therefore, this redox-dependent interaction is expected to affect the risk of severe infection in an age-dependent manner. The hypothesis can be verified in experimental models of in vitro CoV-2 infection and at the clinical level in that LMW thiols and protein thiolation can now be investigated with standardized, reliable and versatile laboratory protocols. Presenting the verification strategy of our hypothesis, we also discuss available nutritional and ancillary pharmacological strategies to intervene on the thiol/disulfide ratio of extracellular fluids of subjects at risk of infection and COVID-19 patients.

Cell entry of SARS-CoV-2, 2021(21)00118-3

Qui di seguito le citazioni all'articolo The Role of Glutathione in Protecting against the Severe Inflammatory Response Triggered by COVID-19 doi: 10.3390/antiox9070624, Francesca Silvagno, Annamaria Vernone, Gian Piero Pescarmona:

Impact of Zinc, Glutathione, and Polyphenols as Antioxidants in the Immune Response against SARS-CoV-2 DOI: 10.3390/pr9030506 Mar 2021

Reappraisal of Dietary Phytochemicals for Coronavirus Infection: Focus on Hesperidin and Quercetin DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.95529 Feb 2021

Potential Interplay between Nrf2, TRPA1, and TRPV1 in Nutrients for the Control of COVID-19 DOI: 10.1159/000514204 Feb 2021

Potential Role of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Therapies to Prevent Severe SARS-Cov-2 Complications DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020272 Feb 2021

Reappraisal of Dietary Phytochemicals for Coronavirus Infection: Focus on Hesperidin and Quercetin DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.95529 Feb 2021

Antioxidants and pentoxifylline as coadjuvant measures to standard therapy to improve prognosis of patients with pneumonia by COVID-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.02.009 Feb 2021

Spike protein disulfide disruption as a potential treatment for SARS-CoV-2 doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.02.425099 Jan 2021

Dietary supplementation of garlic, propolis, and wakame improves recuperation in cadmium exposed Japanese medaka fish DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2020.1864192 December 2020

Spices to Control COVID-19 Symptoms: Yes, but Not Only… DOI: 10.1159/000513538 Dec 2020

Impact of chronic liver disease upon admission on COVID-19 in-hospital mortality: Findings from COVOCA study doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243700. eCollection 2020 Dec 2020

A SENSITIVE INDICATOR FOR THE SEVERITY OF COVID-19: THIOL PMID: 33306332 Turk J Med Sci 2020 Dec 11 DOI: 10.3906/sag-2011-139 Dec 2020

Impact of chronic liver disease upon admission on COVID-19 in-hospital mortality: Findings from COVOCA study DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243700 December 2020

Open Clinical Trial of the Use of Antioxidants and Pentoxifylline as Coadjuvant Measures to Standard Therapy to Improve Prognosis of Patients with Pneumonia and Septic Shock due to Covid-19 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-122123/v1 December 2020

Changes in quality of life and dyspnoea after hospitalization in COVID-19 patients discharged at home PMCID: PMC7582021 Multidiscip Respir Med . 2020 Oct 13;15(1):713. doi: 10.4081/mrm.2020.713 Oct 2020

Mitochondrial Glutathione: Recent Insights and Role in Disease DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100909 Sep 2020

Understanding the role of neutrophils in acute respiratory distress syndrome. doi: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.09.001 September 2020

serum+ace+and+hypertension

Serum ACE and Leptin

Leptin correlates with serum ACE and hypertension

Fasting and Leptin

Aging and fasting regulation of leptin and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y gene expression, 1998

• Abstract
  To investigate the role of aging on the fasting-induced suppression of leptin gene expression and increase in hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) gene expression, we fasted or fed ad libitum male F-344xBN rats aged 3, 24, and 31 mo for 2 days. We examined leptin mRNA levels in retroperitoneal, inguinal, and epididymal white adipose tissue (WAT); serum leptin levels; and NPY mRNA levels in the hypothalamus. We found that leptin mRNA levels were increased from 3 to 24 mo and leveled off between 24 and 31 mo in both retroperitoneal WAT and inguinal WAT but were unchanged with age in epididymal WAT. Serum leptin levels increased with age, whereas hypothalamic NPY mRNA levels did not change with age. Fasting suppressed leptin gene expression in all three WATs and serum leptin. Moreover, this suppression of serum leptin and of leptin message in retroperitoneal WAT was less in aged rats. Conversely, fasting increased hypothalamic NPY message, again to a lesser extent in aged rats. In both fed (ad libitum) and fasted rats, there was a strong correlation between serum leptin and hypothalamic NPY mRNA levels in the young but not in either of the two aged groups. These data suggest that aged F-344xBN rats are leptin resistant and that the fastin

Serum ACE and COVID

ACE2, COVID19 and serum ACE as a possible biomarker to predict severity of the disease, 2020
text

Preliminary epidemiological data indicates that symptomatic Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children is uncommon. In a cohort of 44 672 confirmed cases in China, only 1% were younger than 10 years of age [1]. This could suggest that children are less susceptible to infection, or that infection in children leads to asymptomatic or mild disease that remains largely undetected.

Cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent for COVID-19, is facilitated by binding of viral spike proteins to Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors on host membranes [2]. This raises the possibility that susceptibility to infection is related to expression of the target ACE2 receptor in virally exposed epithelium [2]. However, a complex too much/too soon relationship is at play here, as the related SARS-CoV virus has been shown to downregulate ACE2 after cell entry, a factor contributing to the severe lung pathologies associated with infection with this virus [3].

Evidence suggest that there is a counter-regulatory relationship between ACE2 and its homologue, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE), as they take part in opposite axes in the Renin-Angiotensin-System (RAS). For example, drugs that inhibit ACE activity induces ACE2 expression [4]. Therefore, high levels of ACE could indicate low levels of ACE2, and vice versa [4].

Children have higher ACE volumes in serum than adults [5]. Considering the inverse relationship between ACE and ACE2, could this difference similarly reflect a lower degree of ACE2 expression in children compared with adults? The same study found that adolescents had higher levels of circulating ACE than adults [5], and is interesting to note that COVID-19 in the age group 10–19 years also amounted to only 1% in the Chinese cohort [1].

It remains to be verified if the low frequency of symptomatic COVID-19 in children and adolescents can be attributed to lower levels of membrane bound ACE2 in this population. It is equally uncertain that serum ACE is inversely related to ACE2 expression in airway epithelium and other tissue. The hypothesis that serum ACE could serve as a biomarker for the severity of COVID-19 therefore hinges on the data being able to draw a line between the propositions outlined above.

Should such a relationship be established, it could provide us with a powerful tool for early intervention in and triage of COVID-19 patients. Low levels of circulating ACE in symptomatic patients could predict mild disease, whereas high levels could be indicative of a more severe progression, cf. the biphasic role of ACE2 found in airway infection with the related SARS-CoV virus [3].

Domanda:

Si puo' assumere il Glutatione come supplemento oppure e' meglio assumere NAC/N-acetyl cysteine 600 mg e glycine 500 mg?

NAC/N-acetyl cysteine 600 mg e glycine 500 mg devono essere assunti a breve distanza di tempo? Ad esempio assumo NAC e dopo pochi minuti assumo la glicina?

Per quanto tempo e' meglio assumerli?

Risposta:

E' inutile assumere il glutatione che e' molto piu' costoso e deve essere digerito eccetera.
NAC e glycine sono 2 dei 3 aminoacidi di cui e' fatto il GSH.
il terzo e' il glutamato, di cui c'e' abbondanza nel nostro corpo.

Visto che devono reagire tra di loro e' meglio prenderli insieme

In questo caso finche' circola il virus.
Ma ci possono essere indicazioni a continuare anche dopo: eta' molto avanzata, vita e lavoro in ambienti molto inquinati eccetera.