Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)
Cytokines

DEFINITION

A short protein description with the molecular wheight, isoforms, etc...
Use, when available, the link to Wikipedia (Es Trypsin)

External links not available on Wikipedia have to be added here

Database	Link
Wikigenes	"TGF alpha":	"TGF beta":
GeneCards	"TGF alpha":	"TGF beta":

Wikigenes includes links to

• NCBI Gene
• NCBI SNP
• iHOP resource
• OMIM
• SNPedia
• UniProt
• Ensembl
• HGNC

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND IMAGES

When relevant for the function

• Primary structure
• Secondary structure
• Tertiary structure
  • PDB
• Quaternary structure

Protein Aminoacids Percentage
The Protein Aminoacids Percentage gives useful information on the local environment and the metabolic status of the cell (starvation, lack of essential AA, hypoxia)

Model (Width 600 px)

SYNTHESIS AND TURNOVER

mRNA synthesis
protein synthesis
post-translational modifications
degradation

CELLULAR FUNCTIONS

cellular localization,
biological function

• Enzymes
  • BRENDA - The Comprehensive Enzyme Information System
  • KEGG Pathways
  • Human Metabolome Database
• Cell signaling and Ligand transport
• Structural proteins

REGULATION

Bull Exp Biol Med. 2009 Sep;148(3):406-9.
Effects of cholesterol and nuclear hormone receptor agonists on the production of transforming growth factor-beta in macrophages. 2009

Schwartz YSh, Khoshchenko OM, Dushkin MI, Feofanova NA.

We studied the effects of cholesterol, its oxidized derivatives mevalonate, and nuclear receptor agonists LXR, RXR, and FXR on the production of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF- beta1) by macrophages. After recruiting of macrophage monocytes into the focus of inflammation, the production of TGF-beta1 increased by 3.5 times in comparison with control macrophages. Cholesterol diet stimulated the production of TGF-beta1 by 2.5 times. Cholesterol directly stimulated macrophage production of TGF-beta1 in vitro, while addition of mevalonate to the incubation medium effectively reduced this induced production. Agonists of nuclear receptor sharply reduced the production of TGF-beta1 in recruited macrophages. Under conditions of inflammation, hypercholesterolemia can be a factor of fibrogenesis due to TGF-beta1 induction in macrophages, which depends on the products of mevalonate biochemical chain.

DIAGNOSTIC USE